Categories > Guides and Tips
The Roots Behind South Africa’s High Unemployment Rates
- Unemployment in South Africa
- Why does South Africa have a high unemployment rate?
- South African Industries and Unemployment
- South Africa’s Slow Economic Growth
- Poor Education in South Africa
- South Africa’s Political and Economic Instability
- Race and Gender Inequality in South Africa
- What is the impact of the high unemployment rate in South Africa?
- Increased poverty
- Social instability
- Loss of talent and skill
- Reduced economic growth
- Widening wealth gap
According to the most recent figures, nearly 30% of South Africa‘s population is unemployed. The high unemployment rate significantly impacts the nation’s economy and social stability, which makes this a pressing issue.
This article will explore the causes and consequences of unemployment in South Africa, and discuss potential solutions to this pressing issue.
Unemployment in South Africa
Sadly, unemployment has been an issue in South Africa long before it even became a democratic nation. For decades already, researchers and economists observe an oversupply of job searchers in South Africa, particularly for low and unskilled positions.
Take note that unemployment can be defined in two ways: according to the standard definition or the expanded definition.
The former defines unemployed individuals as those without work and are available for work but are not actively searching for a job. This also includes those who have lost their jobs or left their voluntary work.
On the other hand, the expanded definition interprets unemployed individuals as those without work (ages 15 to 64) and are actively seeking jobs.
In 2008, South Africa’s unemployment rate following the standard definition was 22%, the lowest the nation has ever seen in decades. Since then, there has been nowhere to go but up.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the unemployment rate in South Africa was 32.9% in standard definition, and 44.1% according to the expanded definition. While this is alarmingly high, it’s actually an improvement, albeit small, from earlier last year.
Globally, South Africa’s unemployment rate ranks third highest after Namibia and Nigeria on a list of 82 countries and the eurozone monitored by Bloomberg.
Surprisingly, despite the high number of individuals available for work, South African companies are struggling to find people to hire for jobs. This is because there are not enough individuals who are actually skilled workers.
Why does South Africa have a high unemployment rate?
South Africa has a high unemployment rate because of a combination of several factors, including structural issues, slow economic growth, poor education, political and economic instability, and racial and gender inequality.
Read on as we delve deeper into each of these considerations.
1. South African Industries and Unemployment
The economy of South Africa is strongly dependent on a few essential industries, specifically the industrial industry, and the lack of diversity in the labour market makes it hard for employees to change careers if they lose their job.
In the most industrialised economy in Africa, particularly in manufacturing, trade and construction, the official unemployment rate has topped 20% for at least 20 years.
The slow rate of economic expansion, stringent labour rules, and administrative roadblocks have made it difficult for local businesses to expand their workforces.
2. South Africa’s Slow Economic Growth
The country’s economy has struggled to grow at a sufficient pace to create new job opportunities for the growing workforce. This is because of multiple factors, such as:
Weak business environment
It is challenging for businesses to invest and generate new jobs in the country because of bureaucratic red tape, corruption, and unpredictable policies.
Poor infrastructure
The absence of adequate infrastructure and urgently needed modifications in South Africa can make it difficult for companies to run successfully and efficiently.
Political instability
Investment can be discouraged and economic growth slowed by political instability, which includes frequent changes in governmental policy and a lack of consistency in decision-making.
Lack of competitiveness
South Africa is finding it more difficult to draw in investment and expand its economy as a result of rising competition from other nations in the region.
Dependence on commodity exports
The export of raw materials like minerals and agricultural goods is a major source of income for South Africa, so the country’s economic growth may be negatively impacted by low prices for these commodities.
3. Poor Education in South Africa
The quality of education in South Africa has been a concern for many years, primarily because of the following factors:
Inadequate funding
The lack of funding for South Africa’s educational system has led to a dearth of supplies, including facilities, teachers, and textbooks.
Inequitable distribution of resources
The allocation of resources amongst schools is noticeably unbalanced, with wealthy communities receiving more financing and assistance for schools than impoverished areas do.
Lack of qualified teachers
Particularly in rural areas, South Africa is experiencing a teacher shortage that may have a severe effect on the standard of education that pupils receive.
Overcrowded classrooms
Large class sizes are common in South African schools, making it challenging for teachers to provide each student with their undivided attention while still effectively delivering the curriculum.
Inefficient management and administration
Since the educational system is ineffective and poorly run, important problems like school violence and teacher absenteeism go unaddressed and there is a lack of accountability.
4. South Africa’s Political and Economic Instability
The country’s political and economic landscape is marked by frequent changes and uncertainty, which can deter foreign investment and job creation.
This instability is greatly influenced by severe corruption, political tension, inefficient governance, and income inequality.
5. Race and Gender Inequality in South Africa
Race and gender inequality continue to have a significant impact on unemployment rates in South Africa, and there are several ways in which these inequalities contribute to high levels of joblessness in the country, including:
The legacy of apartheid
Black and female workers continue to face major impediments to employment possibilities due to the legacy of apartheid.
Disadvantaged groups
Women and people of colour who have historically faced disadvantages in the job market are frequently the first to be impacted by layoffs and experience the most difficulties in finding new employment.
Pay disparities
In comparison to their male and white counterparts, women and black workers often earn less money, which can limit their ability to sustain themselves and their families and make it more challenging for them to find new job opportunities.
Discriminatory hiring practices
Discriminatory hiring practices persist in South Africa despite anti-discrimination laws, which can restrict career chances for women and black workers.
Lack of access to education and skills building
Inadequate access to quality education and training options is more likely to affect women and black employees, which may impede their capacity to develop the skills that are in demand in the modern job market.
What is the impact of the high unemployment rate in South Africa?
South Africa’s high unemployment rate has a variety of negative effects on people, communities, and the economy as a whole, such as increased poverty, social instability, loss of talent and skill, reduced economic growth, and a widening wealth gap.
1. Increased poverty
One of the main factors contributing to poverty is unemployment, and many unemployed South Africans find it difficult to sustain their families and meet their basic necessities.
2. Social instability
Unemployment can contribute to social instability by encouraging crime and violence, as well as by leaving communities feeling forlorn and dejected.
3. Loss of talent and skill
People who are unemployed risk losing the information and abilities they have accumulated through time, which could limit their future employment opportunities and hurt the economy.
4. Reduced economic growth
Unemployment slows down investment, consumer spending, and tax revenue. As a result, the economy grows less slowly.
5. Widening wealth gap
People who are unemployed struggle to make ends meet while others who are employed are able to amass wealth, which exacerbates wealth disparity.